Yet agricultural problems and urban unemployment led to increased migration to Europe. City and countryside populations drew roughly equal in number. Oil was discovered and tourism continued. In the 1970s the economy of Tunisia expanded at a very healthy rate. In 1957, the Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba abolished the monarchy and firmly established his Neo Destour (New Constitution) party. The State was established as a constitutional monarchy with the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad VIII al-Amin Bey, as the king of Tunisia. Independence from France was achieved on March 20, 1956. See also: History of modern Tunisia and Tunisian Revolution This was the reason or pretext for French forces to establish a Protectorate in 1881.Ī remnant of the centuries of Turkish rule is the presence of a population of Turkish origin, historically the male descendants were referred to as the Kouloughlis. Tunisian international debt grew unmanageable. The Bey of Tunis then, by his own lights but informed by the Turkish example, attempted to effect a modernizing reform of institutions and the economy. In the 19th century, the rulers of Tunisia became aware of the ongoing efforts at political and social reform in the Ottoman capital. Under the Ottoman Empire, the boundaries of the territory inhabited by Tunisians contracted Ifriqiya lost territory to the west ( Constantine) and to the east ( Tripoli). Tunis was officially integrated into the Ottoman Empire as the Eyalet of Tunis (province), eventually including all of the Maghreb except Morocco. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley." Tunisians ĭuring the 17th to the 19th centuries, Ifriqiya came under Spanish, then Ottoman rule and hosted Morisco then Italian immigrants from 1609. Īfter the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Muslims and Jews also arrived. Muslim refugees from Sicily and Malta were encouraged by the Normans to settle in Tunisia during this period. In the early-11th century, Normans from the Kingdom of Sicily took over Ifriqiya and founded the Kingdom of Africa, which lasted from 1135 to 1160. Some Persians and other Middle-Eastern populations also settled in Ifriqiya, which had its name from the ancient name, the Roman province of Africa. This accelerated in the 11th century with the large migrations of the Arab tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to Ifriqiya and the rest of the Maghreb. įrom the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 673, many Arabs settled with Arab tribes in Tunisia which was called Ifriqiya, in places like Kairouan which soon became one of the purely Arab settlements in the Umayyad Caliphate. From the Roman period until the Islamic conquest, Latins, Greeks and Numidian people further influenced the Tunisians, which prior to the modern era, Tunisians were known as Afāriqah, from the ancient name of Tunisia, Ifriqiya or Africa in the antiquity, which gave the present-day name of the continent Africa. When Carthage fell in 146 BC to the Romans the coastal population was mainly Punic, but that influence decreased away from the coast. From the eighth century BC, most of Tunisians were Punics. The migrants brought with them their culture and language that progressively spread from Tunisia's coastal areas to the rest of the coastal areas of Northwest Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean islands. Main articles: History of early Tunisia, History of Carthage, History of Roman-era Tunisia, Roman Africans, History of early Islamic Tunisia, and History of medieval Tunisia In addition, a Tunisian diaspora has been established with modern migration, particularly in Western Europe, namely France, Italy and Germany. Tunisians ( Arabic: تونسيون Tūnisiyyūn, Tunisian Arabic: توانسة Twensa) are the citizens and nationals of Tunisia in North Africa, who speak Tunisian Arabic and share a common Tunisian culture and identity. Minority: Christianity, Judaism and Baháʼí FaithĪrabs, Berber, European Tunisians, Carthaginians, Roman Africans, Italian Tunisians, Turco-Tunisians, Maghrebis and other Afroasiatic peoplesĪ The total figure is merely an estimation sum of all the referenced populations. Minority: Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, and Berber Phoenician, Punic, Canaanite, Latin, African Romance Indonesia and Malaysia and Singapore and Thailand and Philippines Austria and Croatia and Slovakia and Slovenia
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